A CNC router is a computer controlled shaping machine.
CNC routers are similar to milling machines, with some of them capable of performing almost the same tasks. The main functions are to cut, engrave and carve objects out of a work piece, essentially a replacement for the usual hand-held router. By introducing computer control to the process, the number of errors is drastically reduced.
You do need a computer and a CAD (Computer-Assisted Design) program to run them. Typically, a desktop CNC router will come with a version of a CAD software program so you can draw what you want to cut. Then you switch to some sort of toolpath program, also provided with the machine. There you select the cutter (or cutters) you intend to use. The software calculates the cutting instructions and the calculation yields a file that you can name and save. Next, you secure the wood in the machine, install the correct bit, and begin the routing process.
The cutting action happens automatically. Typically, standard router bits are used, but special adapters may be necessary to fit the bit in the collet. The bit must extend a precise distance beyond the adapter or collet. The required
extension varies from bit to bit and is specified in the machine’s manual.
CNC routers cut in what are called three axes or directions. Up and down is the Z coordinate or axis. Think of left and right as the Y-axis. Forward and back could be called the X-axis. With a variety of bits and a computer program working
in those three directions, the sky’s the limit. However, the overall size of the machine’s bed and cutting range will determine the maximum workpiece size you can manipulate.
Routing is a common production method used in woodwork, signage, moldings, thermoforming, and more. It’s most effective when a precise cut is required on a regular basis. CNC routers, depending on their components, are compatible with various hard materials including wood, metal, stone, plastics, foam, acrylics, and glass. Some machines are equipped with dust collection systems, which soak in material chips and other waste during the process.
Computer controlled routers help to reduce production time and the frequency of manufacturing errors by creating near-identical objects each and every time, provided all external factors are controlled. CNC routers require technical assistance from time to time, with working tools and mechanisms wearing down over time. However, the production capabilities and speeds still make using these machines extremely cost-efficient for businesses and hobbyists.
Older versions of CNC routers used to be large and take up a lot of room but now modern machines come in various sizes, and there are even desktop versions, which fit on a table and still delivery superb results. Software used in routers
has also improved, so even hobbyists are now able to operate simple machines with the help of CAD/CAM programs. Several programs are designed for special purposes and can help to create simple models, as well as generating codes for designs. This makes CNC routers helpful for tinkerers, furniture manufacturers and even designers, without the need for professional carving and woodworking skills.
A CNC router brings all the potential of CNC automation to bear on normal router operations. CNC routers typically consist of a table or bed, on which the workpiece is mounted. Over the bed is an arm or gantry, from which the toolhead is suspended.
When a program is executed, the router can move along the X, Y, and Z axis to carve out a pattern and remove material from the workpiece. A CNC router can create a highly detailed pattern or carving, or it can be used to replace a table saw and section the workpiece.
Routers are similar in many ways to mills, but while routers can be used on harder materials they excel at cutting softer ones, particularly wood. Chip formation and cutting geometry also factor into the equation, making the CNC router the perfect tool for advanced woodworking.
Signage
Whether you’re creating a small-scale 2D project or a more complex 3D signage component, a CNC machine can get the job done quickly and cleanly.
Cabinets and furniture
Cabinet manufacturing is one of the most common applications for CNC machines, whether used to create customized or more standard pieces. In addition to cabinetry, CNCs help shops produce closet sets, Shaker and Raised Panel Doors,
countertops, chairs, tables, and more with immense precision and unrivaled efficiency.
Aluminum and brass machining
Working with non-ferrous metals like aluminum and brass requires increased cutting capability from your CNC machine
Prototyping and 3D modeling
Precise modeling and prototyping are essential to the success of the production process. Without that precision, you’re not adequately able to assess the full potential and next steps of your concept.
Musical instruments
CNC routers help musical instrument manufacturers produce large quantities of high-quality products on an efficient timeline, never sacrificing the performance of the pieces at any point throughout the process.
A major benefit of the router is being able to cut and engrave without the need for an alternate tool. The repeatability of shaping material enables you to cut materials precisely and as many times times as needed. Thus, frequency of error and wastage are reduced.
These machines can be used with just one operator which cuts labour costs. Furthermore, the general operating speed is up to 25,000 RPM, and the toolhead can move quickly along the X and Y axis. This means materials are processed at an exceptionally high rate.
CNC routers generally receive their toolpath instructions from a piece of intermediate software. Yet, programmers can continue to use their drawing package of choice. Programming and operating the machine is relatively simple providing training has been undertaken.
Upon entering the design parameters and specifications, the CNC machine will execute quantities that are substantial whilst offering flexibility in terms of scalability.
CNC machines require the input of parameters for onward execution. This means that the machine cuts down on the man-hours required to produce accurate and professionally done products.
Although CNC Routers create significantly fewer fumes than many other means of shaping, such as laser engraving, they can create large amounts of chippings and dust during the cutting process.
CNC machines use intelligent CAD-CAM software that calculates the more effective and efficient way to cut the part from your workpiece, making your material go the furthest possible.
CNC routers are much more precise and efficient, meaning that less material is wasted in the manufacturing process.
CNC routers are extremely reliable and consistent machines. Once a CNC router is set up, it will produce the same results every time. This level of consistency is essential for businesses that rely on precision manufacturing.
CNC routers also have a long lifespan. Many CNC routers can be used for thousands of hours without much degradation in performance.
One of the biggest advantages of CNC routers is that they are extremely versatile. With the right software, a CNC router can be used to create anything from simple shapes to intricate designs. This makes them perfect for both hobbyists and professionals alike!
Another great advantage of CNC routers is that they offer a high level of precision. This is thanks to the fact that CNC routers are computer-controlled. This means that the machine can create precise, repeatable cuts every time. This is perfect for those who need to create precise parts or pieces!
CNC routers also have the advantage of being very fast. Thanks to their computer-controlled nature, CNC routers can work quickly and efficiently. This is perfect for those who need to get their projects done in a timely manner!
Desktop CNC machines are also very affordable to run. This is because they typically use a small amount of power, and the cost of replacement parts such as bits is relatively low.
CNC routers are also generally easy to use, if you’re willing to learn a bit of technical know-how.
With just a little bit of practice, you will be able to create beautiful pieces of art with ease! In addition, most CNC routers come with software options that make the design process even easier – with sample projects you can press start on, and simple design interfaces within the CAD-CAM software like V-Carve etc
CNC machines are also customizable, which means that you can create the perfect machine for your needs. Whether you need a machine that is large or small, simple or complex, there is sure to be a CNC machine that will suit your needs!
Some CNC upgrades include:
• Laser engraver / cutter add-on
• Enclosures
• Dust collection
• Emergency stop buttons